Was ist java?

Java ist eine Programmiersprache, die 1995 von Sun Microsystems entwickelt und später von Oracle übernommen wurde. Es ist jetzt eine vollständige Plattform mit vielen Standard-APIs, Open Source-APIs, Tools und einer riesigen Entwickler-Community.

Es wird verwendet, um die vertrauenswürdigsten Unternehmenslösungen von großen und kleinen Unternehmen gleichermaßen zu erstellen. Die Entwicklung von Android-Anwendungen erfolgt vollständig mit Java und seinem Ökosystem.

Lesen Sie dies und das, um mehr über die Grundlagen von Java zu erfahren.

Ausführung

Die neueste Version ist Java 11, die 2018 mit verschiedenen Verbesserungen gegenüber der Vorgängerversion Java 10 veröffentlicht wurde. In jeder Hinsicht werden wir Java 8 in diesem Wiki für alle Tutorials verwenden.

Java ist auch in mehrere "Editionen" unterteilt:

• SE - Standard Edition - für Desktop- und Standalone-Serveranwendungen
• EE - Enterprise Edition - zum Entwickeln und Ausführen von Java-Komponenten, die eingebettet in einen Java-Server ausgeführt werden
• ME - Micro Edition - zum Entwickeln und Ausführen von Java-Anwendungen auf Mobiltelefonen und eingebetteten Geräten

Installation: JDK oder JRE?

Laden Sie die neuesten Java-Binärdateien von der offiziellen Website herunter. Hier können Sie sich einer Frage stellen, welche Sie herunterladen möchten, JDK oder JRE? JRE steht für Java Runtime Environment, die plattformabhängige Java Virtual Machine zum Ausführen von Java-Codes, und JDK steht für Java Development Kit, das aus den meisten Entwicklungstools, vor allem dem Compiler javac, und auch der JRE besteht. Für einen durchschnittlichen Benutzer wäre JRE also ausreichend, aber da wir mit Java entwickeln würden, würden wir das JDK herunterladen.

Plattformspezifische Installationsanweisungen

Windows

• Laden Sie die entsprechende MSI-Datei herunter (x86 / i586 für 32 Bit, x64 für 64 Bit).
• Führen Sie die MSI-Datei aus. Es ist eine selbstextrahierende ausführbare Datei, die Java auf Ihrem System installiert!

Linux

• Laden Sie die entsprechende tar.gz-Datei für Ihr System herunter und installieren Sie:

bash $ tar zxvf jdk-8uversion-linux-x64.tar.gz

• RPM-basierte Linux-Plattformen laden die entsprechende RPM-Datei herunter und installieren:

bash $ rpm -ivh jdk-8uversion-linux-x64.rpm

• Benutzer haben die Wahl, eine Open Source-Version von Java, OpenJDK oder Oracle JDK zu installieren. Während OpenJDK sich in der aktiven Entwicklung befindet und mit Oracle JDK synchronisiert ist, unterscheiden sie sich nur in der Lizenzierung. Allerdings beschweren sich nur wenige Entwickler über die Stabilität von Open JDK.

Anleitung für Ubuntu :

Öffnen Sie die JDK-Installation:

bash sudo apt-get install openjdk-8-jdk

Oracle JDK-Installation:

bash sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer

Mac

• Laden Sie entweder die ausführbare Mac OSX .dmg-Datei von Oracle Downloads herunter
• Oder verwenden Sie Homebrew, um Folgendes zu installieren:

brew tap caskroom/cask brew install brew-cask brew cask install java

Überprüfen Sie die Installation

Stellen Sie sicher, dass Java ordnungsgemäß auf Ihrem System installiert wurde, indem Sie die Eingabeaufforderung (Windows) / Windows Powershell / Terminal (Mac OS und * Unix) öffnen und die Versionen von Java Runtime und Compiler überprüfen:

$ java -version java version "1.8.0_66" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_66-b17) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.66-b17, mixed mode) $ javac -version javac 1.8.0_66

Tipp : Wenn Sie einen Fehler wie „Befehl nicht gefunden“ entwederjavaoderjavacoder beide bande Panik, esnur Ihr System PATH ist nicht richtig eingestellt. Informationen zu Windows finden Sie in dieser StackOverflow-Antwort oder in diesem Artikel. Es gibt auch Anleitungen für Ubuntu und Mac. Wenn Sie es immer noch nicht herausfinden können, machen Sie sich keine Sorgen, fragen Sie uns einfach in unserem Gitterzimmer!

JVM

Ok, jetzt, da wir mit den Installationen fertig sind, wollen wir zunächst das Wesentliche des Java-Ökosystems verstehen. Java ist eine interpretierte und kompilierte Sprache, dh der Code, den wir schreiben, wird zu Bytecode kompiliert und zur Ausführung interpretiert. Wir schreiben den Code in Java-Dateien, Java kompiliert sie in Bytecodes, die zur Ausführung auf einer Java Virtual Machine oder JVM ausgeführt werden. Diese Bytecodes haben normalerweise die Erweiterung .class.

Java ist eine ziemlich sichere Sprache, da Ihr Programm nicht direkt auf dem Computer ausgeführt werden kann. Stattdessen wird Ihr Programm auf einer virtuellen Maschine namens JVM ausgeführt. Diese virtuelle Maschine stellt mehrere APIs für Maschineninteraktionen auf niedriger Ebene zur Verfügung, die Sie vornehmen können. Ansonsten können Sie nicht explizit mit Maschinenanweisungen spielen. Dies erhöht den Sicherheitsbonus erheblich.

Sobald Ihr Bytecode kompiliert ist, kann er auf jeder Java-VM ausgeführt werden. Diese virtuelle Maschine ist maschinenabhängig, dh sie hat unterschiedliche Implementierungen für Windows, Linux und Mac. Dank dieser VM kann Ihr Programm jedoch auf jedem System ausgeführt werden. Diese Philosophie heißt "Einmal schreiben, überall ausführen".

Hallo Welt!

Lassen Sie uns ein Beispiel für eine Hello World-Anwendung schreiben. Öffnen Sie einen Editor / eine IDE Ihrer Wahl und erstellen Sie eine Datei HelloWorld.java.

public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { // Prints "Hello, World" to the terminal window. System.out.println("Hello, World"); } }

NB Beachten Sie, dass der Java-Dateinamezum Kompilieren genau der Name der öffentlichen Klasse sein sollte!

Öffnen Sie nun das Terminal / die Eingabeaufforderung. Ändern Sie Ihr aktuelles Verzeichnis im Terminal / in der Eingabeaufforderung in das Verzeichnis, in dem sich Ihre Datei befindet. Und kompilieren Sie die Datei:

$ javac HelloWorld.java

Führen Sie nun die Datei mit dem javaBefehl aus!

$ java HelloWorld Hello, World

Congrats! Your first Java program has run successfully. Here we are just printing a string passing it to the API System.out.println. We will cover all the concepts in the code, but you are welcome to take a closer look! If you have any doubt or need additional help, feel free to contact us anytime in our Gitter Chatroom!

Documentation

Java is heavily documented, as it supports huge amounts of API’s. If you are using any major IDE such as Eclipse or IntelliJ IDEA, you would find the Java Documentation included within.

Also, here is a list of free IDEs for Java coding:

• NetBeans
• Eclipse
• IntelliJ IDEA
• Android Studio
• BlueJ
• jEdit
• Oracle JDeveloper

Basic Operations

Java supports the following operations on variables:

• Arithmetic : Addition (+), Subtraction (-), Multiplication (*), Division (/), Modulus (%),Increment (++),Decrement (--).
• String concatenation: + can be used for String concatenation, but subtraction - on a String is not a valid operation.
• Relational: Equal to (==), Not Equal to (!=), Greater than (>), Less than (<), Greater than or equal to (>=), Less than or equal to (<=)
• Bitwise: Bitwise And (&), Bitwise Or (|), Bitwise XOR (^), Bitwise Compliment (~), Left shift (<<), Right Shift (>>), Zero fill right shift (>>>)
• Logical: Logical And (&&), Logical Or (||), Logical Not (!)
• Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |=
• Others: Conditional/Ternary(?:), instanceof

While most of the operations are self-explanatory, the Conditional (Ternary) Operator works as follows:

expression that results in boolean output ? return this value if true : return this value if false;

Example: True Condition:

 int x = 10; int y = (x == 10) ? 5 : 9; // y will equal 5 since the expression x == 10 evaluates to true 

False Condition:

 int x = 25; int y = (x == 10) ? 5 : 9; // y will equal 9 since the expression x == 10 evaluates to false

The instance of operator is used for type checking. It can be used to test if an object is an instance of a class, a subclass or an interface. General format- *object instance of class/subclass/interface*

Here is a program to illustrate instanceof operator:

 Person obj1 = new Person(); Person obj2 = new Boy(); // As obj is of type person, it is not an // instance of Boy or interface System.out.println("obj1 instanceof Person: " + (obj1 instanceof Person)); /*it returns true since obj1 is an instance of person */ 

Variable Examples

Variables store values. They are the most basic entity used to store data such as text, numbers, etc. in a program.

In Java, variables are strongly typed, which means you have to define the type for each variable whenever you declare it. Otherwise, the compiler will throw an error at compile time. Therefore, each variable has an associated ’data-type’ of one of the following:

Primitive Type: int, short, char, long, boolean, byte, float, double

Wrapper Type: Integer, Short, Char, Long, Boolean, Byte, Float, Double

Reference Type: String, StringBuilder, Calendar, ArrayList, etc.

You may have noticed that the Wrapper Type consists of types spelled exactly like the Primitive Type, except for the capitalised alphabet in the begining (like the Reference Type). This is because the Wrapper Types are actually a part of the more general Reference Types, but closely linked with their primitive counterparts via autoboxing and unboxing. For now, you just need to know that such a ‘Wrapper Type’ exists.

Typically, you can declare (i.e., create) variables as per the following syntax: ;

// Primitive Data Type int i; // Reference Data Type Float myFloat;

You can assign a value to the variable either simultaneously when you are declaring it (which is called initialisation), or anywhere in the code after you have declared it. The symbol = is used for the same.

// Initialise the variable of Primitive Data Type 'int' to store the value 10 int i = 10; double amount = 10.0; boolean isOpen = false; char c = 'a'; // Note the single quotes //Variables can also be declared in one statement, and assigned values later. int j; j = 10; // initiates an Float object with value 1.0 // variable myFloat now points to the object Float myFloat = new Float(1.0); //Bytes are one of types in Java and can be //represented with this code int byteValue = 0B101; byte anotherByte = (byte)0b00100001;

As evident from the above example, variables of Primitive type behave slightly differently from variables of Reference (& Wrapper) type - while Primitive variables store the actual value, Reference variables refer to an ‘object’ containing the actual value. You can find out more in the sections linked below.

Array

An Array is a collection of values (or objects) of similar datatypes (primitive and reference both form of datatypes are allowed) held in sequencial memory addresses. An Array is used to store a collection of similar data types. Arrays always start with the index of 0 and are instantiated to a set number of indexes. All the variables in the array must be of the same type, declared at instantiation.

Syntax:

dataType[] arrayName; // preferred way

Here, java datatype[] describes that all the variables stated after it will be instantiated as arrays of the specified datatype. So, if we want to instantiate more arrays of the similar datatype, we just have to add them after the specified java arrayName(Don’t forget to separate them through commas only). An example is given below in the next section for reference.

dataType arrayName[]; // works but not preferred way

Here, java datatype describes only that the variables stated after it belong to that datatype. Besides, java [] after the variable name describes that the variable is an array of the specified datatype (not just a value or object of that datatype). So, if we want to instantiate more arrays of the similar datatype, we will add the variables names just after the one already specified, separated by commas and each time we will have to add java [] after the variable name otherwise the variable will be instantiated as an ordinary value-storing variable (not an array). For better understanding an example is given in the next section.

Code snippets of above syntax:

double[] list1, list2; // preferred way

Above code snippet instantiates 2 arrays of double type names list1 and list2.

double list1[], list2; // works but not preferred way

Above code snippet an array of datatype double named list1 and a simple variable of datatype double named list2 (Don’t be confused with the name list2. Variables names have nothing to do with the type of variable).

Note: The style double list[] is not preferred as it comes from the C/C++ language and was adopted in Java to accommodate C/C++ programmers. Additionally it’s more readable: you can read that it’s a “double array named list” other than “a double called list that is an array”

Creating Arrays:

dataType[] arrayName = new dataType[arraySize];

Code snippets of the above syntax:

double[] List = new double[10];

Another way to create an Array:

dataType[] arrayName = {value_0, value_1, ..., value_k};

Code snippets of above syntax:

double[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4}; The code above is equivalent to: double[] list = new double[4]; *IMPORTANT NOTE: Please note the difference between the types of brackets that are used to represent arrays in two different ways.

Accessing Arrays:

arrayName[index]; // gives you the value at the specified index

Code snippets of above syntax:

System.out.println(list[1]);

Output:

2.0

Modifying Arrays:

arrayName[index] = value; 

Note: You cannot change the size or type of an array after initialising it. Note: You can however reset the array like so

arrayName = new dataType[] {value1, value2, value3};

Size of Arrays:

It’s possible to find the number of elements in an array using the “length attribute”. It should be noticed here that java length is an attribute of every array i.e. a variable name storing the length of the variable. It must not be confused for a method of array since the name is same as the java length() method corresponding to String classes.

int[] a = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}; // declare array System.out.println(a.length); //prints 5

Code snippets of above syntax:

list[1] = 3; // now, if you access the array like above, it will output 3 rather than 2

Example of code:

int[] a = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}; // declare array for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++){ // loop goes through each index System.out.println(a[i]); // prints the array }

Output:

 4 5 6 7 8

Multi-dimensional Arrays

Two-dimensional arrays (2D arrays) can be thought of as a table with rows and columns. Though this representation is only a way to visualize the array for better problem-solving. The values are actually stored in sequential memory addresses only.

int M = 5; int N = 5; double[][] a = new double [M][N]; //M = rows N = columns for(int i = 0; i < M; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) { //Do something here at index } }

This loop will execute M ^ N times and will build this:

0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

[ 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 ]

Similarly a 3D array can also be made. It can be visualised as a cuboid instead of a rectangle(as above), divided into smaller cubes with each cube storing some value. It can be initialised follows:

int a=2, b=3, c=4; int[][][] a=new int[a][b][c];

In a similar manner, one can an array of as many dimensions as he/she wishes to but visualizing an array of more than 3 dimensions is difficult to visualize in a particular way.

Jagged Arrays

Jagged arrays are multi-dimensional arrays that have a set number of rows but a varying number of columns. Jagged arrays are used to conserve memory use of the array. Here is a code example:

int[][] array = new int[5][]; //initialize a 2D array with 5 rows array[0] = new int[1]; //creates 1 column for first row array[1] = new int[2]; //creates 2 columns for second row array[2] = new int[5]; //creates 5 columns for third row array[3] = new int[5]; //creates 5 columns for fourth row array[4] = new int[5]; //creates 5 columns for fifth row

Output:

0

0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

[ 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 ]

Control Flow

Control flow statements are exactly what the term means. They are statements that alter execution flow based on decisions, loops and branching so that the program can conditionally execute blocks of code.

Primarily, Java has the following constructs for flow control:

• if
• if...else

if(  ){ //code enters this block if the above expression is 'true' }

if(  ){ //execute this block if the expression is 'true' } else{ //execute this block if the expression is 'false' }

switch

Switch is an alternative for the if...else construct when there are multiple values and cases to check against.

switch(  ){ case :  break; case :  break; default:  }

Note: The program flow falls through the next case if the break statement is missing. e.g. Let’s say you say the standard ‘Hello’ to everyone at office, but you are extra nice to the girl who sits next to you and sound grumpy to your boss. The way to represent would be something like:

switch(person){ case 'boss': soundGrumpy(); break; case 'neighbour': soundExtraNice(); break; case 'colleague': soundNormal(); break; default: soundNormal(); }

Note: The `default` case runs when none of the `case` matches. Remember that when a case has no `break` statement, it `falls through` to the next case and will continue to the subsequent `cases` till a `break` is encountered. Because of this, make sure that each case has a `break` statement. The `default` case does not require a `break` statement. 

• nested statements

Any of the previous control flows can be nested. Which means you can have nested if,if..elseandswitch..casestatements. i.e., you can have any combination of these statements within the other and there is no limitation to the depth ofnesting.

For example, let’s consider the following scenario:

• If you have less than 25 bucks, you get yourself a cup of coffee.
• If you have more than 25 bucks but less than 60 bucks, you get yourself a decent meal.
• If you have more than 60 bucks but less than a 100, you get yourself a decent meal along with a glass of wine.
• However, when you have more than a 100 bucks, depending on who you are with, you either go for a candle lit dinner (with your wife) or you go to a sports bar (with your friends).

One of the ways to represent this will be:

int cash = 150; String company = "friends"; if( cash < 25 ){ getCoffee(); } else if( cash < 60 ){ getDecentMeal(); } else if( cash < 100 ){ getDecentMeal(); getGlassOfWine(); } else { switch(company){ case "wife": candleLitDinner(); break; case "friends": meetFriendsAtSportsBar(); break; default: getDecentMeal(); } }

In this example, meetFriendsAtSportsBar() will be executed.

Loops

Whenever you need to execute a block of code multiple times, a loop will often come in handy.

Java has 4 types of loops:

While Loop

The while loop repeatedly executes the block of statements until the condition specified within the parentheses evaluates to false. For instance:

while (some_condition_is_true) { // do something }

Each ‘iteration’ (of executing the block of statements) is preceeded by the evaluation of the condition specified within the parentheses - The statements are executed only if the condition evaluates to true. If it evaluates to false, the execution of the program resumes from the the statement just after the whileblock.

Note: For the while loop to start executing, you’d require the condition to be true initially. However, to exit the loop, you must do something within the block of statements to eventually reach an iteration when the condition evaluates to false (as done below). Otherwise the loop will execute forever. (In practice, it will run until the JVM runs out of memory.)

Example

In the following example, the expression is given by iter_While < 10. We increment iter_While by 1each time the loop is executed. The whileloop breaks wheniter_Whilevalue reaches 10.

int iter_While = 0; while (iter_While < 10) { System.out.print(iter_While + " "); // Increment the counter // Iterated 10 times, iter_While 0,1,2...9 iter_While++; } System.out.println("iter_While Value: " + iter_While);

Output:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 iter_While Value: 10